Pain in the Lower Extremity and Limping in Children
25 Pain in the Lower Extremity and Limping in Children The physician should approach leg pain or limp in children as in adults—that is, determine whether it originates in joints…
BIOCHEMISTRY
Breast Lumps
5 Breast Lumps Over their lifetimes, most women detect a lump in the breast. Approximately 80% of breast masses are discovered by the patient before mammography or physician examination. Most…
Constipation
8 Constipation Constipation is common in Western society. The frequency of constipation diagnoses depends on both the patient’s and the physician’s definitions of the problem. One bowel movement each day…
Colds, Flu, and Stuffy Nose
7 Colds, Flu, and Stuffy Nose The differential diagnosis of colds, flu, and stuffy nose might appear unimportant, because most of these conditions have no specific cures. However, because upper…
Abdominal Pain in Children
2 Abdominal Pain in Children Because functional abdominal pain (previously called chronic or recurrent abdominal pain) is uncommon in children, the main emphasis of this chapter is the differential diagnosis…
Belching, Bloating, and Flatulence
4 Belching, Bloating, and Flatulence In this chapter, belching is defined as the eructation of gas through the mouth; bloating is gaseous abdominal distention; and flatulence is the passage of…
Equipment and Techniques
Fig. 2.1 Brief history of the universe. Courtesy Wikimedia Commons, [3] At the end of this era of radiation, we entered the era of matter, relating to the formation of the…
Physical and Biological Rationale for Using Ions in Therapy
Fig. 3.1 Energy loss by ionization. Multiple Coulomb scattering (MCS) with multiple events. Reproduced from Nunes [1] As mentioned, regarding the energy loss by ionization, −dE/dx corresponds to 1/β 2 and…
Introduction
Fig. 1.1 Artistic description of BNCT. The 10B atom, previously charged into the tumor cell, undergoes nuclear reaction when it absorbs a thermal neutron. The short-range, high linear energy transfer (LET)…
Clinical Experiences with Carbon Ion Therapy
Courtesy Prof. Dr. Gerhard Kraft 5.4 Carbon Ion Exploration in Future Clinical Trials Currently, clinical trial design is based on the assumption that the same biological effective dose is administered…
