Opiates and Prescription Drugs
Classification Medications derived from Papaver somniferum , the opium poppy, have played a central role in medical practice for well over 3500 years. Sumerian clay tablets, which include our oldest…
Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids
Introduction Anabolic-androgenic steroids (AASs) refer to the male hormone, testosterone, and many of its natural and synthetic derivatives. All AASs have androgenic (masculinizing) and muscle-specific (anabolic) effects, but some are…
Clinical Aspects of Inhalant Addiction
Types of Inhalants Being Abused Inhalants encompass a wide range of pharmacologically diverse substances that readily vaporize. Unlike most other substances of abuse, which are classified into groups that share…
Sedative-Hypnotics and Anxiolytics
Introduction The sedative-hypnotics and anxiolytics are central nervous system depressants that also have muscle relaxant and anticonvulsant effects and are widely used in psychiatry, neurology, anesthesiology, and general medicine. The…
Clinical Aspects of Methamphetamine
Introduction Methamphetamine, developed in 1893, is a synthetic stimulant that affects the central nervous system and other major organ systems. Until the 1950s, no prescription was necessary to obtain methamphetamine…
Cannabis: An Overview of the Empirical Literature
Introduction Marijuana (also referred to as cannabis) is a drug that is derived from the flowers, stems, leaves, and seeds of the hemp plant ( Cannabis sativa ). Cannabis is…
Animal Models of Substance Use Disorders: Motivational Perspective
Acknowledgments The author would like to thank Michael Arends for his assistance with manuscript preparation. Definitions Relevant to Animal Models Drug addiction, also known as substance use disorder, is a…
Cocaine
Key wordsCocaine use disorder, cocaine-induced anxiety disorder, cocaine-induced mood disorder, cocaine-induced psychotic disorder, cocaine-induced sexual dysfunction, cocaine-induced sleep disorder, craving and relapse, intoxication, intoxication delirium, withdrawal Introduction The effects…
Neuroinflammatory Processes in Drug Addiction
Acknowledgments We thank the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism for its support through the Neurobiology of Adolescent Drinking in Adulthood (NADIA) consortium (AA020024, AA020023), the Bowles Center for…
Alcohol: Clinical Aspects
Acknowledgments We thank Catharine Helms and Robert H. Cormier, Jr., for their assistance with manuscript preparation. Introduction Alcohol is one of the oldest and the most widely used psychoactive substances…
