22 Generation of Adenosine Triphosphate from Glucose, Fructose, and Galactose: Glycolysis Glucose is the universal fuel for human cells. Every cell type in the human is able to generate adenosine…
23 Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle The tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle) accounts for more than two-thirds of the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) generated from fuel oxidation. The pathways for oxidation of fatty…
42 The Biochemistry of Erythrocytes and Other Blood Cells The cells of the blood are classified as erythrocytes, leukocytes, or thrombocytes. The erythrocytes (red cells) carry oxygen to the tissues…
40 Intertissue Relationships in the Metabolism of Amino Acids The body maintains a relatively large free amino acid pool in the blood, even during fasting. As a result, tissues have…
11 Structure of the Nucleic Acids Nucleotides in DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid). Nucleotides are the monomeric units of the nucleic acids, DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic…
9 Regulation of Enzymes In the human body, thousands of diverse enzymes are regulated to fulfill their individual functions without waste of dietary components. Thus, with changes in our physiologic…
21 Digestion, Absorption, and Transport of Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are the largest source of dietary calories for most of the world’s population. The major carbohydrates in the U.S. diet are starch,…
39 Purine and Pyrimidine Metabolism Purines and pyrimidines are required for synthesizing nucleotides and nucleic acids. These molecules can be synthesized either from scratch, de novo, or salvaged from existing…
20 Cellular Bioenergetics: Adenosine Triphosphate and O2 Bioenergetics refers to cellular energy transformations. The Adenosine Triphosphate–Adenosine Diphosphate (ATP–ADP) Cycle. In cells, the available free energy of fuels is transformed into…
19 Basic Concepts in the Regulation of Fuel Metabolism by Insulin, Glucagon, and Other Hormones All cells use adenosine triphosphate (ATP) continuously and require a constant supply of fuels to…
