Ptosis and Horner syndrome
38 Ptosis and Horner syndrome Instruction Examine this patient’s face. Salient features History • Ask the patient whether or not there is absence of sweating on one side of the…
Coarctation of aorta
27 Coarctation of aorta Instruction Examine this patient’s cardiovascular system. Salient features History • Asymptomatic usually • Symptoms are usually those of hypertension: headache, epistaxis, dizziness, and palpitations • Claudication…
Guillain–Barré syndrome
94 Guillain–Barré syndrome Instruction Examine this patient’s lower limbs, whose weakness began distally. Salient features History • Weakness: difficulty in rising up from standing position or climbing stairs, legs usually…
Torsion dystonia (dystonia musculorum deformans)
92 Torsion dystonia (dystonia musculorum deformans) Instruction Look at this patient. Salient features History • Perinatal anoxia, birth trauma or kernicterus • Family history • Drug history (neuroleptics) • The…
Pulmonary stenosis
25 Pulmonary stenosis Instruction Examine this patient’s heart. Salient features History • Patients may be asymptomatic. • Ask if there is a history of maternal rubella. • Dyspnoea on exertion…
Cauda equina syndrome
91 Cauda equina syndrome Instruction This patient has bowel and bladder dysfunction; examine the lower limbs. Salient features History • Ask the patient whether there is pain (usually projected to…
Atrial septal defect
22 Atrial septal defect Instruction Examine this patient’s heart. Listen to her heart. Salient features History Ostium secundum defect (anatomically in the region of the fossa ovalis) • Asymptomatic particularly…
Tetraplegia
89 Tetraplegia Instruction Carry out a neurological examination of this patient’s lower limbs. Salient features History • Ask about bladder symptoms and check sacral sensation • Ask about radicular pain…
Winging of the scapula
87 Winging of the scapula Instruction Look at this patient’s back. Salient features History • Difficulty in raising the arms above the level of the shoulders • Winging of the…
Wallenberg’s syndrome (lateral medullary syndrome)
86 Wallenberg’s syndrome (lateral medullary syndrome) Instruction Examine this patient’s cranial nerves. Salient features History • Severe nausea, vomiting, nystagmus (involvement of the lower vestibular nuclei) • Limb ataxia (involvement…
