Heart Failure
Chapter 2 Heart Failure Key Points 1 Systolic heart failure (HF) is caused by impaired ventricular ejection of blood. Diastolic HF results from impaired relaxation and filling of the left…
Acute Exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Chapter 15 Acute Exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Key Points 1 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) refers to fixed airflow obstruction caused by chronic bronchitis (productive cough for at…
Community‐Acquired Pneumonia
Chapter 13 Community-Acquired Pneumonia Key Points 1 Aspiration pneumonia accounts for up to 15% of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) cases, and refers to a lung infection caused by inhalation of oropharyngeal…
Acute Asthma
Chapter 16 Acute Asthma Key Points 1 Asthma is a chronic inflammatory respiratory disease that is increasing in prevalence and accounts for $6 billion in health care costs annually. 2…
Hyperkalemia
Chapter 18 Hyperkalemia Key Points 1 Hyperkalemia is typically defined as a serum potassium concentration exceeding 5.0 to 5.5 mEq/L. 2 Hemolysis is the most common cause of pseudohyperkalemia (artifactual…
Acute Renal Failure
Chapter 17 Acute Renal Failure Key Points 1 Acute renal failure (ARF) refers to an abrupt decline in renal function. 2 There is no universally accepted laboratory definition of ARF….
Diabetic Ketoacidosis
Chapter 5 Diabetic Ketoacidosis Key Points 1 Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is characterized by hyperglycemia (blood glucose usually above 300 mg/dL), hyperketonemia, and metabolic acidosis. 2 DKA classically occurs in patients…
Urinary Tract Infections
Chapter 14 Urinary Tract Infections Key Points 1 Urinary tract infections occur more commonly in women than in men, mainly due to anatomic differences. 2 Patients with acute cystitis may…
Venous Thromboembolism
Chapter 10 Venous Thromboembolism Key Points 1 Venous thromboembolism (VTE) refers to deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE). 2 The risk of PE from proximal (above-the-calf) lower-extremity DVT…
