Solid organ transplantation
Definitions Transplantation is the procedure whereby cells, tissues or organs are moved from one site to another to provide structure and/or function. A graft is the organ or tissue transplanted….
Testicular cancer
Definition Malignant lesion of the testis. Key Points All newly discovered testicular lumps require investigation to exclude malignancy. Early tumours have an excellent prognosis with surgery alone. Late tumours have…
Renal (urinary) calculi
Definition Renal or urinary calculi are concretions formed by precipitation of various urinary solutes in the urinary tract. They contain calcium oxalate (60%), phosphate as a mixture of calcium, ammonium…
Postoperative pulmonary complications
Definitions Pulmonary collapse or atelectasis results from alveolar hypoventilation such that the alveolar walls collapse and become de-aerated. Pneumonia is an infection with consolidation of the pulmonary parenchyma. Key Points…
Extracranial arterial disease
Definition Extracranial arterial disease is a common disorder characterized by atherosclerosis of the carotid or vertebral arteries resulting in cerebral (stroke, TIA), ocular (amaurosis fugax) or cerebellar (vertigo, ataxia, drop…
The diabetic foot
Definition The term diabetic foot refers to a spectrum of foot disorders ranging from superficial cellulitis to ulceration and gangrene occurring in people with diabetes mellitus (DM) as a result…
Valvular heart disease
Definition Valvular heart disease comprises a group of congenital or acquired conditions characterized by damage to the heart valve(s), resulting in deranged blood flow through the heart chambers. Key Points…
Pituitary disorders
Definition Pituitary disorders are characterized either by a failure of secretion of pituitary hormones or by tumours, which cause local pressure effects or specific syndromes due to hormone overproduction. Key…
