Blood pressure
Blood pressure is a measure of the pressure in the systemic cardiovascular system and is reported as central arterial pressure (i.e. equivalent to that in a large artery at the…
Immunopathology
Diseases that involve tissue damage as a consequence of inappropriate adaptive immune responses can be categorised on the basis of either the source of the stimulating antigens (allergy or autoimmunity)…
The motor system
The motor system is part of the central nervous system (CNS) and controls voluntary movements. Multiple brain regions work together to ensure coordinated motor control utilising a series of neurones…
Structure of the central nervous system
The central nervous system (CNS) allows the coordination and integration of neural signals that control activities of the body, such as respiration. The CNS is also involved in higher cognitive…
Reproductive physiology
Reproductive physiology is tightly regulated via hormonal control by the steroidal sex hormones. The process starts with puberty at around 10–13 years in females and slightly later in males. In…
Thyroid gland
Anatomy The thyroid gland is located anterior to the cricoid cartilage in the anterior neck, composed of two lobes connected by a branch of tissue known as the isthmus (Figure…
Upper gastrointestinal physiology
Salivation The process of digestion starts in the mouth with mastication, in which the physical breakdown of food is combined with saliva. Salivation occurs as saliva is produced by the…
Bladder function and dysfunction
The urinary bladder is a muscular organ in the pelvis that stores normally sterile urine prior to micturition. In the healthy adult, the volume of the bladder is typically 300–500…
