– Inflammation and Cytokines
Injury – leads to exposed collagen, platelet-activating factor release, and tissue factor release from endothelium Platelets bind collagen – release growth factors (platelet-derived growth factor [PDGF]); leads to PMN and…
– Anesthesia
INHALATIONAL INDUCTION AGENTS MAC – minimum alveolar concentration = smallest concentration of inhalational agent at which 50% of patients will not move with incision • Small MAC → more lipid soluble…
– Anal and Rectal
Left lateral, right anterior, and right posterior hemorrhoidal plexuses External hemorrhoids cause pain when they thrombose • Distal to the dentate line, covered by sensate squamous epithelium; can cause pain, swelling,…
– Hematology
NORMAL COAGULATION Three initial responses to vascular injury: vascular vasoconstriction, platelet adhesion, and thrombin generation Intrinsic pathway: exposed collagen + prekallikrein + HMW kininogen + factor XII ↓ activate XI…
– Neurosurgery
CIRCLE OF WILLIS Vertebral arteries – come together to form a single basilar artery, which branches into 2 posterior cerebral arteries Posterior communicating arteries – connect middle cerebral arteries to…
– Cell Biology
A lipid bilayer that contains protein channels, enzymes, and receptors Cholesterol increases membrane fluidity Cells are negative inside compared to outside; based on Na/K ATPase (3 Na+ out/2 K+ in)…
