Solutions of electrolytes PREVIEW OF IMPORTANT CONCEPTS Electrolytes dissolve in a solvent to produce solvated ions capable of conducting electricity. Strong electrolytes dissolve almost completely into ions. Weak electrolytes remain…
Empirical chemical kinetics PREVIEW OF IMPORTANT CONCEPTS A rate law relates concentration to time in terms of the concentrations of the species involved in the reaction. The differential form describes…
Second law of thermodynamics PREVIEW OF IMPORTANT CONCEPTS The First Law of Thermodynamics is a statement of energy conservation, which does not describe the direction of spontaneous change. The Second…
Third law of thermodynamics and temperature dependence of heat capacity, enthalpy and entropy PREVIEW OF IMPORTANT CONCEPTS At constant T and p, the change in Gibbs energy determines the direction…
Ideal gases PREVIEW OF IMPORTANT CONCEPTS Statistical mechanics can relate macroscopic, easily measurable properties such as pressure, temperature, and volume to the microscopic behavior of molecules and assemblies of molecules,…
Phase stability and phase transitions PREVIEW OF IMPORTANT CONCEPTS At equilibrium the chemical potential of a substance is the same throughout the sample. The chemical potential of a gas responds…
Thermochemistry: The role of heat in chemical and physical changes PREVIEW OF IMPORTANT CONCEPTS The standard state of a substance is its pure form in equilibrium at 1 bar. ΔrH°…
Liquids, liquid crystals, and ionic liquids PREVIEW OF IMPORTANT CONCEPTS Real gas molecules have a finite volume and condense into liquids. Liquids possess short-range order but long-range disorder, which is…
Light–matter interactions: Lasers, laser spectroscopy, and photodynamics PREVIEW OF IMPORTANT CONCEPTS Lasing occurs between levels with a population inversion when stimulated emission triggers the coherent generation of photons. Lasing occurs…
Non-ideal gases and intermolecular interactions PREVIEW OF IMPORTANT CONCEPTS The cause of non-ideal behavior is intermolecular interactions. There are a number of interactions that change the energy of molecules and…
