Second law of thermodynamics
Second law of thermodynamics PREVIEW OF IMPORTANT CONCEPTS The First Law of Thermodynamics is a statement of energy conservation, which does not describe the direction of spontaneous change. The Second…
Third law of thermodynamics and temperature dependence of heat capacity, enthalpy and entropy
Third law of thermodynamics and temperature dependence of heat capacity, enthalpy and entropy PREVIEW OF IMPORTANT CONCEPTS At constant T and p, the change in Gibbs energy determines the direction…
Ideal gases
Ideal gases PREVIEW OF IMPORTANT CONCEPTS Statistical mechanics can relate macroscopic, easily measurable properties such as pressure, temperature, and volume to the microscopic behavior of molecules and assemblies of molecules,…
Phase stability and phase transitions
Phase stability and phase transitions PREVIEW OF IMPORTANT CONCEPTS At equilibrium the chemical potential of a substance is the same throughout the sample. The chemical potential of a gas responds…
Thermochemistry: The role of heat in chemical and physical changes
Thermochemistry: The role of heat in chemical and physical changes PREVIEW OF IMPORTANT CONCEPTS The standard state of a substance is its pure form in equilibrium at 1 bar. ΔrH°…
Liquids, liquid crystals, and ionic liquids
Liquids, liquid crystals, and ionic liquids PREVIEW OF IMPORTANT CONCEPTS Real gas molecules have a finite volume and condense into liquids. Liquids possess short-range order but long-range disorder, which is…
Light–matter interactions: Lasers, laser spectroscopy, and photodynamics
Light–matter interactions: Lasers, laser spectroscopy, and photodynamics PREVIEW OF IMPORTANT CONCEPTS Lasing occurs between levels with a population inversion when stimulated emission triggers the coherent generation of photons. Lasing occurs…
Non-ideal gases and intermolecular interactions
Non-ideal gases and intermolecular interactions PREVIEW OF IMPORTANT CONCEPTS The cause of non-ideal behavior is intermolecular interactions. There are a number of interactions that change the energy of molecules and…
Solids, nanoparticles, and interfaces
Solids, nanoparticles, and interfaces PREVIEW OF IMPORTANT CONCEPTS Either gases or liquids can condense to form solids. Solids form either crystalline or amorphous (glassy) structures. Solid crystalline materials are classified…
Introduction
Introduction Much of chemistry is motivated by asking ‘how’. How do I make a primary alcohol? React a Grignard reagent with formaldehyde. How do I get a solution containing phenolphthalein…
