Figure 37.1. Hemoptysis: chest x-ray 1. The differential diagnosis of a pulmonary cavity includes tuberculosis, bacterial lung abscess, lung cancer, and pulmonary vasculitis (e.g., granulomatosis with polyangiitis). The upper lobe…
SOURCE: Woo K, Lau YK. Singapore Med J. 2001;42(8):385–389. Summary of Key Points in Proteinuria • Urine dipstick test is most sensitive to albumin and less sensitive to low-molecular-weight proteins….
Figure 19.1. Normal blood smear. The RI is the reticulocyte count corrected for the degree of anemia in an individual. It is calculated as follows: where 40% is a normal…
Figure 84.1. Anatomic Types of Interatrial Communications (see text for description). Atrial septal defect (ASD) 1° denotes primum ASD; ASD 2° denotes secundum ASD. In young adults, the dominant interatrial…
EVALUATION OF SENSORY SYMPTOMS Sensory symptoms may arise from lesions in the peripheral nerve, or in central sensory pathways from the dorsal columns and spinothalamic tracts as they traverse the…
osmoreceptors Carotid sinusAfferent arterioleAtriaEffectors AVP Thirst Sympathetic nervous systemRenin-angiotensin-aldosterone systemANP/BNPAVP What is affected Urine osmolality Water intake Urinary sodium excretionVascular tone NOTES: See text for details. AVP = arginine vasopressin;…
Figure 88.1. The Framingham 10-year Cardiovascular Disease Risk Calculator. Point of care assessment for cardiovascular disease risk may be performed using various validated risk models. In the Framingham risk calculator,…
Figure 44.1. Posteroanterior chest x-ray for Question 9. QUESTION 10–14. For each of the five following statements (10–14), indicate whether it pertains to patients with asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease…
Figure 40.1. West Lung Zones. PA catheter should be placed in Zone 3 where both arterial and venous pressures are greater than alveolar pressures. If truly a reflection of LAP,…
When this calculation is carried through in a patient with metabolic acidosis, recognized as a fall in both pH and HCO3 concentration, a comparison can be made between the calculated…
