reference values
Appendix 4 Laboratory reference values The reference values and ranges for these blood tests are given in the system of international units (SI) and are based on guidelines from the…
Inflammatory skin disorders—atopic eczema and psoriasis
Chapter 25 Inflammatory skin disorders—atopic eczema and psoriasis Amie Steel, ND, MPH AETIOLOGY Atopic dermatitis (eczema) is most frequently diagnosed in infancy, but may continue through the adult years.1 It…
Human immunodeficiency virus
Chapter 36 Human immunodeficiency virus Jennifer Hillier, ND AETIOLOGY Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV; see Figure 36.1) is the infective agent behind the spectrum of symptoms involving the immune system and…
Polycystic ovarian syndrome
Chapter 20 Polycystic ovarian syndrome Jon Wardle, ND, MPH CLASSIFICATION AND AETIOLOGY Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a term to describe a constellation of clinical and biochemical features. For many…
Benign prostatic hypertrophy
Chapter 26 Benign prostatic hypertrophy Kieran Cooley, ND, MSc AETIOLOGY AND EPIDEMIOLOGY While benign prostatic hypertrophy of the prostate (BPH) (or more accurately benign prostatic hyperplasia) and erectile dysfunction (ED)…
Recurrent urinary tract infection
Chapter 27 Recurrent urinary tract infection Michelle Boyd, ND AETIOLOGY AND EPIDEMIOLOGY A urinary tract infection (UTI) is by simplest definition an infection that affects any part of the urinary…
Endometriosis
Chapter 19 Endometriosis Jon Wardle, ND, MPH OVERVIEW AND AETIOLOGY Endometriosis is the abnormal growth of endometrial tissue in areas other than the wall of the uterus.1 The exact cause…
Irritable bowel syndrome: constipation-predominant (C-IBS)
Chapter 3 Irritable bowel syndrome constipation-predominant (C-IBS) Jason Hawrelak, ND, B Nat (Hons), phD AETIOLOGY Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional gastrointestinal disorder characterised by altered bowel habit and…
Thyroid abnormalities
Chapter 17 Thyroid abnormalities Tini Gruner, ND, PhD, MSc AETIOLOGY The main function of the thyroid is to produce hormones that regulate the metabolic rate of all cells, energy, cell…
