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a.  To meet the elevated metabolic demand, neonatal cardiac output, relative to body weight, is twice that of the adult. This is achieved with a relatively rapid heart rate (140 beats…

B.  Body fluids can be divided into intracellular and extracellular fluid, depending on their location relative to the cell membrane (Fig. 1-1).   1.  Interstitial fluid is present in the spaces between cells….

II.  Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors A.  Acetazolamide is the prototype of a class of sulfonamide drugs that bind avidly to the enzyme carbonic anhydrase, producing noncompetitive inhibition of enzyme activity, principally in the…

III. Peripheral Nerve Physiology of Pain A.  Nociceptors (pain receptors) are a specialized class of primary afferents that respond to intense, noxious stimuli in skin, muscles, joints, viscera, and vasculature.   1.  Nociceptors are…

  1.  The mainstay of therapy for bronchospasm, wheezing, and airflow obstruction is β-adrenergic agonists (typically delivered via inhalers or nebulizers).   2.  Short-acting β2 agonists such as albuterol, levalbuterol, metaproterenol, and pirbuterol are…

  1.  COX-1 is constitutively expressed and catalyzes the production of prostaglandins that are involved in numerous physiologic functions (maintenance of normal renal function in the kidneys, mucosal protection in the gastrointestinal…

B.  When protamine is dosed based on the exact amount needed to reverse circulating heparin levels, it produces the lowest activated clotting time values. C.  Protamine can cause adverse reactions including anaphylaxis,…