II. Chemical Structure of Opium Alkaloids. The active components of opium can be divided into two distinct chemical classes: phenanthrenes and benzylisoquinolines. The principal phenanthrene alkaloids present in opium are morphine,…
A. Diabetes mellitus is classified by the underlying disease etiology (type 1 vs. type 2) rather than by age-of-onset (juvenile-onset vs. adult-onset diabetes) or treatment modality (insulin-dependent vs. non–insulin-dependent diabetes). 1. The…
II. Transfusion Therapy for Bleeding. Critical bleeding in the perioperative setting requires volume replacement (crystalloid, colloid, red blood cells [RBCs]) (none provide coagulation factors or platelets and thus their use can…
A. Pharmacokinetics (see Table 13-4) 1. All antiepileptic drugs are administered once daily or more frequently. 2. Because of their ability to induce or inhibit drug metabolism, all antiepileptic drugs (except gabapentin, levetiracetam,…
II. Hemostasis and History (see Figs. 27-1 and 27-2) (Table 27-1) A. Initiation of Coagulation. Initiation of coagulation by procoagulant activities has been traditionally separated into extrinsic, intrinsic, and common pathways (a…
B. The effects of cardiac antiarrhythmic drugs on the action potential and effective refractory period of the cardiac action potential determine the clinical effect of these drugs. III. Classification A. Cardiac arrhythmic drugs…
II. Lipid Disorders A. Familial hypercholesterolemia arises from a defect in the gene for low-density lipoprotein receptors (LDL-R). Heterozygotes for this defect experience accelerated atherosclerosis and represent about 1 in 500 persons….
B. Plasma/fresh frozen plasma contains multiple factors for hemostasis and has increasingly been considered a critical component (see Fig. 31-1). C. Platelet Administration 1. Following traumatic injury or significant postoperative bleeding, the critical…
B. Depolarizing neuromuscular block (also called phase I block) is often preceded by muscle fasciculation. During partial neuromuscular block, depolarizing block is characterized by (a) decrease in twitch tension, (b) no…
