Bias and Causal Associations in Observational Research
Chapter Contents Internal and External Validity 26 Bias 26 Selection Bias 27 Are the Groups Similar in all Important Respects? 27 Information Bias 28 Has Information Been Gathered in the…
Descriptive Studies: What They Can and Cannot Do
Chapter Contents The Descriptive Triad—Or Pentad? 14 Five ‘W’ Questions 14 Types of Descriptive Studies 15 Case Report 16 Case-Series Report 16 Cross-Sectional (Prevalence) Studies 16 Surveillance 17 Ecological Correlational…
An Overview of Clinical Research: The Lay of the Land
Chapter Contents A Taxonomy of Clinical Research 2 What Studies Can and Cannot Do 4 Descriptive Study 4 Cross-Sectional Study: A Snapshot in Time 4 Cohort Study: Looking Forward in…
