Systemic review
Skeleton A from the front B from behind The left forearm is in the position of supination, the right in pronation in A. 1 Skull 2 Mandible 3 Hyoid bone…
Multiplicity in Randomised Trials I: Endpoints and Treatments
Chapter Contents The Issue 206 A Proposed Statistical Solution 207 Multiple Endpoints 207 Composite Endpoints 208 Multiple Treatments (Multiarm Trials) 209 The Issue of Multiplicity Adjustment in Multiarm Trials 210…
Reporting Studies in Medical Journals: CONSORT and Other Reporting Guidelines
Chapter Contents Introduction 236 Reporting of Randomised Controlled Trials 236 Deficient Reporting 236 Selective Reporting 237 The CONSORT Statement: A Reporting Guideline for Randomised Trials 238 Reporting Using the CONSORT…
Multiplicity in Randomised Trials II: Subgroup and Interim Analyses
Chapter Contents Subgroup Analyses 216 What Readers Should Look for With Subgroup Analyses 218 Interim Analyses 219 Early Termination and Biased Estimates of Treatment Effects 221 Stopping for Harm or…
Conducting a Randomised Trial as Part of a Prospective Meta-Analysis
Chapter Contents Introduction 228 Multicentre Randomised Controlled Trial 228 Prospective Meta-Analysis 228 Some Disadvantages of Multicentre Randomised Trials 229 Some Potential Disadvantages of PMAs 231 Basic Steps in a PMA…
Surrogate Endpoints and Composite Outcomes: Shortcuts to Unknown Destinations
Chapter Contents What Is a Surrogate Endpoint? 193 Advantages of Surrogate Endpoints 194 Disadavantages of Surrogate Endpoints 194 Validation of Surrogate Endpoints 196 Terminological Tangles 196 Levels of Evidence 198…
Implementation of Treatment Blinding in Randomised Trials
Chapter Contents Introduction 184 Single Blinding: Participants, Investigators, or Assessors 184 Participants 185 Investigators 185 Assessors 185 Implementation Issues: Participants 185 Sham Procedures 186 Implementation Issues: Assessors 187 Double Blinding:…
Blinding in Randomised Trials: Hiding Who Got What
Chapter Contents Potential Effects of Blinding 174 Lexicon of Blinding 175 Masking or Blinding? 176 Placebos and Blinding 177 Does Blinding Prevent Bias? 178 What to Look for in Descriptions…
Exclusions and Losses in Randomised Trials: Retention of Trial Participants
Chapter Contents Exclusions Before Randomisation 164 What to Look for in Exclusions Before Randomisation 164 Exclusions After Randomisation 164 What to Look for in Exclusions After Randomisation 166 Discovery of…
Allocation Concealment in Randomised Trials: Defending Against Deciphering
Chapter Contents Allocation Concealment 154 Importance of Allocation Concealment 154 Personal Accounts of Deciphering 155 What to Look for With Allocation Concealment 156 Baseline Comparisons 159 What to Look for…
