The term “immunity” in a biologic context has historically referred to resistance to pathogens; however, reactions to some noninfectious substances including harmless environmental molecules, tumors, and even unaltered host components…
The following list includes selected CD molecules that are referred to in the text. Many cytokines and cytokine receptors have been assigned CD numbers, but we refer to these by…
The survival of multicellular organisms requires mechanisms for defense against microbial infections and the elimination of damaged and necrotic cells. The mechanisms that evolved first in invertebrates and persist in…
T lymphocytes perform multiple functions in defending against infections by various kinds of microbes. A major role for T lymphocytes is in cell-mediated immunity , which provides defense against infections…
Skull from the front 1 Anterior nasal spine 2 Body of mandible 3 Frontal bone 4 Frontal notch 5 Frontal process of maxilla 6 Glabella 7 Greater wing of sphenoid…
Upper limb A surface anatomy B muscles C bones 1 Arm 2 Deltoid 3 Elbow joint 4 Forearm 5 Hand 6 Interphalangeal joint 7 Scapula 8 Shoulder joint 9 Wrist…
Lymphatic system Phase 1 images are taken on day one and best show the vessels whereas phase 2 are taken at about 48 hours and best image the lymph nodes….
Back and vertebral column A surface anatomy B axial skeleton C vertebral column 1 Atlas vertebra 2 Axis vertebra 3 Cervical vertebrae, lordosis 4 Coccyx 5 Lumbar vertebrae, lordosis 6…
