15.1 Two types of interaction Types of interaction Epidemiologists speak of two distinct types of interaction: biological interaction and statistical interaction. Although these concepts share the term “interaction,” these are…
4.1 Introduction What is descriptive epidemiology? Descriptive epidemiology is a general term used to refer to a broad array of epidemiologic activities whose primary purpose is to describe disease occurrence…
2.1 Natural history of disease Stages of disease The natural history of disease refers to the progression of a disease in an individual over time. This includes all relevant phenomena…
5.1 Etiologic research Hypotheses are nets: only he who casts will catch. Novalis Hypothesis statement The goal of analytic epidemiology is to clarify causal relations between various determinants (“exposures”) and…
11.1 The infectious disease process Studying infectious disease epidemiology is important for two different reasons. First, infectious disease epidemiology provided the original model for the study of disease on a…
16.1 Case definitions Establishing a case definition In this chapter, we consider criteria for defining cases and the standardized system of disease nomenclature known as the International Classification of Disease…
Fig. 2.1 Brief history of the universe. Courtesy Wikimedia Commons, [3] At the end of this era of radiation, we entered the era of matter, relating to the formation of the…
Fig. 3.1 Energy loss by ionization. Multiple Coulomb scattering (MCS) with multiple events. Reproduced from Nunes [1] As mentioned, regarding the energy loss by ionization, −dE/dx corresponds to 1/β 2 and…
Fig. 1.1 Artistic description of BNCT. The 10B atom, previously charged into the tumor cell, undergoes nuclear reaction when it absorbs a thermal neutron. The short-range, high linear energy transfer (LET)…
Courtesy Prof. Dr. Gerhard Kraft 5.4 Carbon Ion Exploration in Future Clinical Trials Currently, clinical trial design is based on the assumption that the same biological effective dose is administered…
