Type Causes Pathophysiology Prerenal Hypovolemia (postsurgical bleeding, dehydration), decreased cardiac output (heart failure) Inadequate perfusion of a normal functioning kidney Intrinsic/ renal Acute tubular necrosis (ATN) (e.g., renal artery occlusion;…
Etiology Lab findings Comment Calcium supplementation None Hyperparathyroidism ↑ or high-normal PTH Primary hyperparathyroidism is the most common outpatient cause of hypercalcemia Hyperthyroidism ↓ TSH Hyperthyroidism: increased bone reabsorption Immobility…
Condition Comments Surgical bleeding Bleeding from a major artery or vein that was missed during surgery must be ruled out first, especially in the immediate postoperative period Medications Inquire about…
Diseases managed medically Diseases managed surgically Acute gastroenteritis Antral web Gastroesophageal reflux disease Enteric duplication cyst Metabolic disorders (congenital adrenal hyperplasia, electrolyte imbalance, glycogen storage disease) Gastroesophageal reflux disease Pylorospasm…
Fig. 26.1 Right mid-shaft humerus fracture (With kind permission from Springer Science + Business Media: Skeletal Radiol, The “rising bubble” sign: a new aid in the diagnosis of unicameral bone cysts, 38,…
Condition Comments Prehepatic (hemolytic) Hemolytic anemia Pallor, fatigue, shortness of breath Gilbert’s syndrome Benign condition triggered by overexertion, dehydration, menstruation, concurrent illness; decreased activity of the enzyme UDP-glucuronyl transferase Hepatic…
Disease Pathophysiology Acute calculous cholecystitis Obstruction of cystic duct by gallstone Choledocholithiasis Common bile duct (CBD) obstruction by gallstone Gallstone pancreatitis Transient obstruction of the distal CBD (and pancreatic duct)…
Lethal six Characteristics Airway obstruction Laryngeal trauma, foreign body aspiration, stridor, expanding neck hematoma, and gurgling Tension pneumothorax Hemodynamic instability, tracheal shift away from injury, one-way valve in injured lung…
Diagnosis History and Physical Viral laryngitis Acute onset of fever, sore throat, cough, and/or other symptoms consistent with upper respiratory tract infection Vocal cord paralysis Breathy voice, most commonly idiopathic…
Pathophysiology Comments Colon cancer Mass causes mechanical LBO History of weight loss, change in bowel habits, bloody stools Volvulus (sigmoid or cecal) Twisting of colon causes mechanical LBO Sigmoid…
