Antiviral Agents II
Figure 79.1 Structure of the human immunodeficiency virus. Note that HIV has two single strands of RNA and that each strand is associated with a molecule of reverse transcriptase. gp41, glycoprotein 41;…
Drugs for Hypertension
Diuretics Hydrochlorothiazide Spironolactone Beta-Adrenergic Blocker Metoprolol Inhibitors of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System Captopril (angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor) Losartan (angiotensin II receptor blocker) Aliskiren (direct renin inhibitor) Eplerenone (aldosterone antagonist) Calcium Channel Blockers…
Estrogens and Progestins
Figure 48.1 The menstrual cycle: anatomic and hormonal changes. FSH, follicle-stimulating hormone; LH, luteinizing hormone. Ovarian and Uterine Events The menstrual cycle consists of a coordinated series of ovarian and uterine events….
Antihistamines
Figure 54.1 Release of histamine by allergen-antibody interaction. (IgE, immunoglobulin E.) Nonallergic Release Several agents (certain drugs, radiocontrast media, plasma expanders) can act directly on mast cells to trigger histamine release. With…
Drugs for Weight Loss
Figure 66.1 Body mass index calculation. Figure 66.2 Adult weight classification based on body mass index (BMI). (Adapted from National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Body Mass Index Table, 2012. Complete table available…
Miscellaneous Antibacterial Drugs
Fluoroquinolone Ciprofloxacin Cyclic Lipopeptide Daptomycin Mechanism of Action Ciprofloxacin inhibits two bacterial enzymes: DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV. Both are needed for DNA replication and cell division. DNA gyrase converts…
Drug Therapy of Rheumatoid Arthritis
Figure 57.1 Progressive joint degeneration in rheumatoid arthritis. A, Healthy joint. B, Inflammation of synovial membrane. C, Onset of pannus formation and cartilage erosion. D, Pannus formation progresses, and cartilage deteriorates further….
Review of the Immune System
Figure 52.1 Maturation of blood cells. With the exception of platelets and erythrocytes, all of the mature blood cells shown participate in immune responses. However, only cells of lymphoid origin (cytolytic T…
Drugs for Allergic Rhinitis, Cough, and Colds
Figure 61.1 Pharmacologic management of allergic rhinitis. INS, intranasal steroids. (From American Academy of Otolaryngology. Clinical practice guideline: allergic rhinitis. 2015. http://www.entnet.org/content/clinical-practice-guideline-allergic-rhinitis.) Intranasal Glucocorticoids The basic pharmacology of the glucocorticoids is discussed in…
Drugs for Heart Failure
Figure 40.1 Relationship of ventricular diameter to contractile force. In the normal heart and the failing heart, increased fiber length produces increased contractile force. However, for any given fiber length, contractile force…
