Methods of intravenous administration
6.1 Intravenous bolus Introduction of a small volume of medicine solution into a vascular access device is referred to as a bolus injection. A bolus injection is usually administered over…
Rheumatology
Osteoarthritis (OA) This common degenerative disorder, characterised by inadequate repair of cartilage and periarticular bone in response to damage or injury, ultimately leads to joint failure. Radiological evidence of OA…
Cardiovascular Disease
Ischaemic Heart Disease This typically presents as the tight or crushing central chest pain of angina or myocardial infarction. Less commonly, it presents as an arrhythmia or conduction defect, or…
Endocrinology and Metabolism
History Key features of the history in a patient with endocrine and metabolic disease are shown in Table 7.1. Table 7.1 Key Features of the History in a Patient with…
Renal Disease
Urinary Tract Infection There are two main clinical syndromes: 1. Cystitis, characterised by suprapubic tenderness, dysuria and frequency. NB These symptoms can occur without urinary infection. Other causes include non-specific…
Musculoskeletal System
History Key features of the history in a patient with musculoskeletal disease are shown in Table 8.1. Table 8.1 Key Features of the History in a Patient with Musculoskeletal Disease…
