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Bone Cysts and Giant-Cell Tumor Bone Cysts Cysts, or intraosseous bone cavities, develop when one or several of the protean factors that affect bone remodeling cause a focally increased rate…

Osteonecrosis Although risk factors and clinical associations have been identified, the pathogenesis of osteonecrosis is still unknown (1). Theories such as fat emboli, fatty induced intraosseous pressure, intravascular coagulation, microfractures,…

Metastatic Bone Disease Jeffrey F. Lipton M.D. Vincent J. Vigorita M.D. Although metastatic disease accounts for the vast majority of cancer-related morbidity and mortality in contemporary Western society, this disease…

Osteomyelitis and Septic Arthritis Basic Principles Osteomyelitis occurs because of the virulence of a given organism or its by-products, susceptibility of the host resulting from predisposing insults (trauma, implant insertion),…

Commonly Performed Orthopaedic Procedures Adam Phillip Breceda M.D Eli Bryk M.D. Orthopaedic surgical procedures are some of the most commonly performed surgeries worldwide, with musculoskeletal disorders being the second most…

Metabolic Bone Disease: Part I Tissue Pathologic Features of Metabolic Bone Disease The term metabolic bone disease encompasses a group of illnesses that are, in some respects, unrelated, semantically confusing,…

Skeletal and Extraskeletal Calcification and Ossification Syndromes Calcification Syndromes When one considers the vast array of conditions in which human tissue can calcify, one can reasonably conclude that in addition…

Periosteum The periosteum is the layer of tissue that envelopes the outer surface of bone, demarcating bone from soft tissue. It is a complex structure that provides a niche for…

Basic Science of Bone Long before the musculoskeletal system emerged in the geological scheme of things, flexible multicellular organisms splashed about in the waters of the world. First came cartilage…