Folic Acid1 Patrick J. Stover 1Abbreviations: AdoHcy, S-adenosylhomocysteine; AdoMet, S-adenosylmethionine; AICARFT, phosphoribosylaminoimidazolecarboxamide formyltransferase; DFE, dietary folate equivalent; DHF, dihydrofolate; DHFR, dihydrofolate reductase; DNMT, DNA methyltransferase; GARFT, phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase; GNMT, glycine…
Niacin1 James B. Kirkland 1Abbreviations: ACMS, 2-amino-3-carboxymuconic-6-semialdehyde; ACMSD, 2-amino-3-carboxymuconic-6-semialdehyde decarboxylase; ADP, adenosine diphosphate; ART, mono-ADP-ribosyltransferase; ATP, adenosine triphosphate; BER, base excision repair; CICR, calcium-induced calcium release; DRI, dietary reference intake;…
Pantothenic Acid1 Paula R. Trumbo 1Abbreviations: AI, adequate intake; ATP, adenosine triphosphate; CoA, coenzyme A; NBIA, neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation; PKAN, pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegen-eration; TCA, tricarboxylic acid. HISTORICAL OVERVIEW…
Vitamin K1 John W. Suttie 1Abbreviations: AI, adequate intake; ApoE, apolipoprotein E; DRI, dietary reference intake; EAR, estimated average requirement; Gla, γ-carboxyglutamic acid; GRP, Gla-rich protein; HCO3–, bicarbonate; INR, international…
Riboflavin1 Hamid M. Said A. Catharine Ross 1Abbreviations: EGRAC, erythrocyte glutathione reductase activity coefficient; FAD, flavin adenine dinucleotide; FMN, flavin mononucleotide; G6PD, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase; Na+, sodium; RDA, recommended dietary allowance;…
Thiamin1 Chantal BéMeur Roger F. Butterworth 1Abbreviations: α-KTG, α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase; BBB, blood-brain barrier; eNOS, endothelial nitric oxide synthase; HPLC, high-performance liquid chromatography; IgG, immunoglobulin G; KP, korsakoff psychosis; NMDA, N-methyl-D-aspartate;…
Vitamin D1 Glenville Jones 1Abbreviations: 1α,25-(OH)2D, 1α,25-dihydroxy vitamin D; 1α,25-(OH)2D3, 1α,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3; 25-OH-D, 25-hydroxyvitamin D; BMI, body mass index; Ca2+, calcium ion; CYP, cytochrome P-450; DBP, vitamin D-binding protein;…
Vitamin A1 A. Catharine Ross 1Abbreviations: APL, acute promyelocytic leukemia; CIC, conjunctival impression cytology; CRABP, cellular retinoic acid -binding protein; CRALBP, cellular retinal-binding protein; CRBP, cellular retinol-binding protein; CRP, C-reactive…
Magnesium1 Robert K. Rude† †Deceased. 1Abbreviations: AAS, atomic absorption spectrophotometry; AMI, acute myocardial infarction; ATP, adenosine triphosphate; Ca, calcium; cAMP, cyclic adenosine monophosphate; DRI, dietary reference intake; EGF, epidermal growth…
