Xanthelasma, eruptive, tuberous, tendinous, planar, plexiform
Etiology/Pathogenesis
•
Associated with hereditary lipoproteinemias and occasionally secondary lipoproteinemias
•
May also occur in normolipemic patients
Particularly plexiform xanthoma
Clinical Issues
•
Wide age range (children or adults)
•
Usually occur in skin and subcutaneous tissue
•
Occasionally arise in deep soft tissues (tendon, synovium, bone)
•
Classified based on clinical features and gross appearance
•
Treatment: Medical therapy or conservative excision
Microscopic
•
Specific classification requires clinicopathologic correlation
•
Sheets and aggregates of foamy macrophages
•
Variable secondary changes including inflammation, giant cells, fibrosis, and cholesterol cleft formation
•
Plexiform xanthoma features multinodular or plexiform growth pattern
Top Differential Diagnoses
•
Localized-type tenosynovial giant cell tumor (giant cell tumor of tendon sheath)
•
Solitary (juvenile) xanthogranuloma
•
Lipidized-type dermatofibroma (fibrous histiocytoma)
•
Plexiform fibrohistiocytic tumor
TERMINOLOGY
Synonyms
•
Plexiform xanthomatous tumor (for plexiform xanthoma)
Definitions
•
Reactive mass-forming collection of lipidized macrophages, usually resulting from altered serum lipid levels
Several forms
ETIOLOGY/PATHOGENESIS
Hereditary or Nonhereditary
•
Associated with hereditary lipoproteinemias and occasionally secondary lipoproteinemias (e.g., diabetes, hypothyroidism, primary biliary cirrhosis)
•
May also occur in normolipemic patients
Particularly plexiform xanthoma
CLINICAL ISSUES
Epidemiology
•
Age
Wide age range (children or adults)
Presentation
•
Usually occur in skin and subcutaneous tissue
•
Occasionally arise in deep soft tissues (tendon, synovium, bone)
•
Classified based on clinical features
Xanthelasma
–
Predilection for eyelids and periorbital skin; often bilateral
Eruptive xanthoma
–
Sudden onset of small, yellow papules with erythematous halo
–
Predilection for gluteal region, thigh, and shoulders
Tuberous xanthoma
–
Firm yellow subcutaneous nodules and plaques
–
Predilection for elbow, knee, gluteal region, and fingers
Tendinous xanthoma
–
Soft tissue mass associated with tendons, ligaments, &/or fascia; predilection for hands, feet, and Achilles tendon
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