References
General References Brown TA. Genomes. ed 3. Garland Science: New York; 2007. Lodish H, Berk A, Kaiser CA, et al. Molecular cell biology. ed 7. WH Freeman: New York; 2012….
in Gene Expression and Its Relevance to Medicine
Variation in Gene Expression and Its Relevance to Medicine The regulated expression of genes in the human genome involves a set of complex interrelationships among different levels of control, including…
Gametogenesis and Fertilization
Figure 2-16 Human spermatogenesis in relation to the two meiotic divisions. The sequence of events begins at puberty and takes approximately 64 days to be completed. The chromosome number (46 or 23)…
Expression as the Integration of Genomic and Epigenomic Signals
Gene Expression as the Integration of Genomic and Epigenomic Signals The gene expression program of a cell encompasses the specific subset of the approximately 20,000 protein-coding genes in the genome…
Organization and Structure
Figure 3-4 A, General structure of a typical human gene. Individual labeled features are discussed in the text. B, Examples of three medically important human genes. Different mutations in the β-globin…
Central Dogma: DNA → RNA → Protein
Figure 3-3 The pyrimidine uracil and the structure of a nucleotide in RNA. Note that the sugar ribose replaces the sugar deoxyribose of DNA. Compare with Figure 2-2. The informational relationships among…
for Specific Topics
References for Specific Topics Deininger P. Alu elements: know the SINES. Genome Biol. 2011;12:236. Frazer KA. Decoding the human genome. Genome Res. 2012;22:1599–1601. International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium. Initial sequencing…
Relevance of Mitosis and Meiosis
Medical Relevance of Mitosis and Meiosis The biological significance of mitosis and meiosis lies in ensuring the constancy of chromosome number—and thus the integrity of the genome—from one cell to…
References
General References Green ED, Guyer MS, National Human Genome Research Institute. Charting a course for genomic medicine from base pairs to bedside. Nature. 2011;470:204–213. Lander ES. Initial impact of the…
