Receptors and Itch
Fig. 1 Schematic diagram of origins of PAR ligands in the skin. Figure shows cross section through the skin. The proteases originate from endogenous sources including keratinocytes and immune cells…
Opioid-Induced Itch and Its Pharmacological Antagonism
Neuraxial opioids Treatment drug and doses Outcomes and conclusion References Intrathecal morphine 10–320 μg Intravenous nalmefene (MOP antagonist) 10–32 μg/kg Effective Scratching responses: ↓ Ko and Naughton (2000) Intrathecal morphine 32 μg Intramuscular…
and Its Inhibition by Counter Stimuli
Fig. 1 Sharpening sensory acuity through lateral interaction. In the visual system, a center-surround receptive field sharpens the spatial input for visual acuity. By analogy, a stimulus-counter-stimulus receptive field may…
Between Keratinocytes and Somatosensory Neurons in Itch
Fig. 1 Keratinocytes, epidermal immune cells, and sensory neuron afferents communicate via cell–cell signaling factors. Keratinocytes release factors that influence immune cell activity (A), such as chemokines and cytokines. Immune…
Itch with Ligands Selective for κ Opioid Receptors
Qualitatively different from ACTH-(1–24)-elicited body groominga Mechanistically different from the scratching associated with ODT8-SS, a somatostatin analogueb Also observed after intraperiaqueductalb gray infusion and intrathecal administrationc but not after intravenous…
of Itch as a Tool of Assessment of Chronic Itch and Its Management
Fig. 1 The overlap of brain activations induced by histamine itch (in green) and by cowhage itch (in blue) illustrates the regions coactivated (in red) and distinct areas activated separately…
Itch in Dogs: Pharmacology and Modeling
Category Diseases in dogs I. Dermatological Arising from “diseases of the skin”: e.g., ectoparasites (e.g., scabies, fleas, etc.), allergies (e.g., atopic dermatitis, urticaria, flea allergy dermatitis, etc.), infections (staphylococcal folliculitis,…
Control by Toll-Like Receptors
TLR Subcellular localization Exogenous ligands Origin of exogenous ligand Endogenous ligands TLR1/TLR2 Cell surface Triacyl lipopeptides Bacteria, viruses Unknown (Pam3CSK4) TLR2/TLR6 Cell surface Diacyl lipopeptides PGN Bacteria, viruses HSP-60, HSP-70,…
and Itch Pathways
Fig. 1 Lack of corresponding functionally defined C-fiber classes in primates and molecular markers in rodents. Only for the markers of Mas-related G-protein-coupled receptor B4 (MrgprB4) and vesicular glutamate transporter…
