Drugs and the Central Nervous System
Fig. 13.1 Escalating cycle of brain swelling resulting in energy failure, increase in brain damage and poor outcome following injury to the brain (With permission of Wolters Kluwer Health; Decompressive…
The Allergic Patient
Other pharmacologic effects through beta1– receptors: Increase heart rate and force of cardiac contractions. For all cases of anaphylaxis, the World Allergy Organisation and the National Institutes of Health-National Institute…
Drug Absorption and Bioavailability
Fig. 3.1 A schematic diagram showing the enteral routes of drug administration (oral, sublingual and rectal) and their relative susceptibility to first-pass elimination, influencing the absorption and bioavailability of a…
Dosage Forms, Drug Calculations and Prescription
Formulary of Drugs A formulary is a list of medicines. It is a collection of formulas for the compounding and testing of medications. A reference book frequently referred to as…
The Elderly Patient
© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015Yoo Kuen Chan, Kwee Peng Ng and Debra Si Mui Sim (eds.)Pharmacological Basis of Acute Care10.1007/978-3-319-10386-0_21 21. The Elderly Patient Pui San Loh1 (1) Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya,…
The Patient in Pain
4. Kishner S. Pain assessment. http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1948069-overview. Last accessed 13 June 2014. 5.
Drugs and the Liver/Gastrointestinal System
In liver cirrhosis portosystemic shunting reduces blood flow to the liver. High HER drugs will be less metabolised and have higher bioavailability. Therefore doses should be reduced. For example, oral…
Drug Administration
Fig. 2.1 Schematic diagram showing the various pharmacokinetic processes following administration of a drug. D drug, P protein, R receptor How Pharmacokinetics Influence the Clinical Effect of a Drug Pharmacokinetic…
Pharmaceutical Aspects of Drugs
Drug Development Drug development is defined as the process of bringing a new drug to the market once a compound has been identified as potentially being able to impact a…
Why Drugs Are Administered
In acutely ill patients, many of these parameters will not be known to the provider. An idea of the physiological status of these patients is obtained from their history, physical…
