The Poisoned Patient
2. Increasing elimination (by manipulating urine pH, or by extracorporeal techniques) (a) Alkalinization of urine – weak acids like salicylates and barbiturates, ionize in alkaline urine resulting in an increase…
Fluids as Drugs
Fig. 29.1 Body fluid compartments in terms of volumes of fluid The ECF can be further subdivided into: Interstitial fluid compartment, water in dense connective tissue and water of bone…
The Obese Patient
Adapted from: Preventing and managing the global epidemic of obesity. Report of the WHO consultation of obesity. WHO, Geneva June 1997 Body composition of the obese is vastly different from…
Drug Distribution
Fig. 4.1 A schematic diagram showing the flow of solutes from blood to surrounding fluids and tissue-cells. Drug A, being more lipid soluble than Drug B, enters both interstitial (ISF)…
Oxygen as a Drug
Fig. 28.1 ATP output from a mole of glucose is different in the presence or absence of oxygen at the cellular level So, energy (ATP) requirements, and therefore oxygen requirements,…
Drug Elimination
Phase I reactions add or unmask functional groups (e.g., –OH, −NH2, −SH, −COOH, etc.), which can then participate in phase II reactions. These are non-synthetic reactions. Oxidation reactions occur mainly…
Drugs for the Management of Pain
Fig. 18.1 The pain pathway and sites of action of analgesic drugs Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) and local anesthetics (LA) are effective at the periphery where transduction of pain signals…
Steady-State Principles
Fig. 6.1 Achieving steady state with the use of: (A) a constant infusion (B) intermittent bolus dosing (C) an initial loading dose followed by intermittent doses A single bolus dose…
The Septic Patient
Modified with permission from Wolters Kluwer Health; Antibiotic therapy in patients with septic shock. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2011;28(5):318–24 Local and unit-specific antimicrobial guidelines need to be constructed after considering the…
Drugs and the Endocrine System
Permission from Hermansen, K. Insulin and new insulin analogues, insulin pumps and inhaled insulin in type 1 diabetes, in Pharmacotherapy of Diabetes: New development (eds: Mogensen, C) Springer 2007 New…
