Skin disorders
ointments, which are greases such as white or yellow soft paraffin. They are more occlusive on the skin than creams, and this keeps the skin hydrated, pastes, which are suspensions…
Cerebrovascular disease and dementia
primary prevention of a first event (ischaemic or haemorrhagic stroke), prevention of recurrence of stroke or of other cardiovascular events, rehabilitation after the stroke. About one-third of strokes are recurrent….
Anxiolytics, sedatives and hypnotics
Fig. 20.1 The GABAA receptor.The GABAA receptor consists of five transmembrane subunits configured from the 19 possible subunits that have been identified; thus many configurations of the GABA receptor exist,…
General anaesthetics
Drugs are used in combination to produce the appropriate balance of sedation, analgesia and muscle relaxation while minimising unwanted effects; at particular doses and concentrations, each contributes minor or major…
Peripheral vascular disease
Diarrhoea. Headache. Palpitation and tachycardia. Other PDE3 inhibitors such as milrinone have been shown to decrease survival in people with heart failure (Ch. 7); cilostazol does not appear to increase…
Prescribing, adherence and information about medicines
the name of the person for whom the drug is prescribed (surname and initial) and address; in the case of children up to 12 years, the person’s age must be…
Constipation, diarrhoea and irritable bowel syndrome
opioid analgesics (this chapter and Ch. 19) antimuscarinic agents, e.g. oxybutynin (Ch. 15), orphenadrine (Ch. 24), cyclizine (Ch. 32) antacids containing calcium or aluminium salts (Ch. 33) calcium channel blockers…
Drug discovery, safety and efficacy
The administration of controlled amounts of the purified active compound removed biological variability in the potency of the crude plant preparation. The administration of the active component removed the unwanted…
Dyspepsia and peptic ulcer disease
non-erosive reflux disease, erosive oesophagitis, an acute inflammatory T-helper cell 1 (Th1) response (Ch. 38), Barrett’s oesophagus (intestinal metaplasia of oesophageal mucosal cells) with increased risk of cancer; this is…
Migraine and other headaches
unilateral pain, throbbing, aggravation on movement, pain of moderate or severe intensity, and one of the following: nausea or vomiting, light or noise sensitivity (photophobia or phonophobia). Pathogenesis of migraine…
