Section 8.1     A radical is a compound with a single unpaired electron on an atom that does not have a full octet of electrons.

Section 8.2     Radicals are formed by homolysis of a covalent bond. They are electron deficient and can be stabilized by neighboring σ or π bonds that are able to share electron density through conjugation or hyperconjugation.

Section 8.3     Radical reactions involve three distinct steps—initiation, propagation, and termination. Only a small amount of radical is present during the course of the reaction.

Section 8.4     Molecular oxygen (O₂) exists as a diradical and mediates a variety of radical-mediated biological processes. Vitamins E and C are used as radical scavengers to terminate these radical reactions.

Section 8.5     Iron plays an important role in initiating radical reactions. This includes the iron-dependent cytochrome P450 enzymes in the liver that are responsible for modifying and eliminating drugs from the blood system.

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