• Comment on the midsternal vertical thoracotomy scar and state whether or not the metallic valve sounds are audible to the unaided ear (they are most often audible). Some mechanical valves cause so many clicks that it may not be possible to determine which valve has been replaced solely by auscultation. Porcine and cadaveric heterografts do not cause metallic clicking or plopping sounds.

• The Starr–Edwards valve is a caged ball device (Fig. 18.1C) and, because blood flows around the ball, there is a high incidence of haemolysis. This valve was introduced in 1960. The silastic ball is specially cured to prevent lipid accumulation (which can result in ball variance). The struts of the modern Starr-Edwards prosthesis are not covered with cloth.

• The Medtronic–Hall is a tilting disc valve (Fig. 18.1A) made of pyrolytic carbon. The disk tilts to an opening of 75 degrees for aortic prostheses and 70 degrees for mitral prostheses.

• The Bjork–Shiley pivoted single-tilting disc valve has laminar flow and hence a lower incidence of haemolysis. It was introduced in 1969. In the current model the entire ring and struts are machined from one piece (i.e. there are no welds). This is referred to as the ‘monostrut valve’.

• The St Jude valve is a double-tilting disc valve (bileaflet valve) (Fig. 18.1B). Other examples of bileaflet prostheses include Carbomedics and Duromedics valve.

• Porcine valves (Fig. 18.1E; Carpentier–Edwards, Hancock Modified Orifice, C/E Duraflex, Medtronic Intact).

• Pericardial valves mounted on a frame (Mitroflow, Carpentier–Edwards pericardial, Ionescu–Shiley, Hancock). A design flaw predisposed the Ionescu–Shiley valve to sudden rupture of the cusps. Currently, the Baxter pericardial valve is being used but its long-term durability remains to be ascertained.

• These are cadaveric aortic or pulmonary valves. Homografts are considered the valve of first choice in a young patient requiring aortic valve replacement. They are useful in replacing infected aortic valves as they are more resistant to re-infection than other prosthetic valves.