breast-feeding and 6-month breast-feeding were more common among white and Hispanic women than among black women (11). In the 2005 to 2006 birth cohort group, 65% of non-Hispanic black infants were breast-fed compared with 80% of Mexican-American and 79% of non-Hispanic white infants.
TABLE 53.1 IN-HOSPITAL AND 6-MONTH BREASTFEEDING RATES ACCORDING TO PARTICIPATION IN THE SPECIAL SUPPLEMENTAL NUTRITION PROGRAM FOR WOMEN, INFANTS, AND CHILDREN | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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For example, lactose increases; sodium, potassium, and chloride decrease; total lipids increase; the immune factors lactoferrin and secretory immunoglobulin A decrease; and oligosaccharides decrease. Representative values for early and mature human milk constituents are listed in Table 53.2 (18). Both the composition and volume of human milk secreted are influenced to some degree by factors such as genetic individuality, maternal intake (particularly fatty acids, vitamin B12, thiamin, riboflavin, vitamin B6, vitamin A, selenium, and iodine), and stage of lactation (19, 20, 21, 22, 23).
fraction of human milk comprises more than 200 compounds, including free amino acids, carnitine, taurine, amino sugars, nucleic acids, nucleotides, and polyamines. Maternal nutrition may alter both the total protein and nonprotein nitrogen constituents of human milk; however, healthy full-term exclusively breast-fed infants do not, as a rule, show signs of protein deficiency, regardless of maternal intake (22).
TABLE 53.2 REPRESENTATIVE VALUES FOR CONSTITUENTS OF HUMAN MILK | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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