Well-differentiated neuroendocrine neoplasm (WDNEN): Grades 1 and 2
Poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinoma (PDNC): Grade 3
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Small cell carcinoma, large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma
Clinical Issues
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WDNEN: All tumors have potential to metastasize
Microscopic
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WDNEN
Uniform round nuclei with minimal nuclear atypia
Finely stippled (“salt and pepper”) chromatin
Variable mitotic activity, but < 20 per 10 HPF
No or minimal necrosis
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Small cell carcinoma
Small, round or fusiform hyperchromatic nuclei
Finely dispersed granular chromatin
Nuclear moulding
High mitotic rate
Often show extensive necrosis &/or frequent apoptotic bodies
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Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma
Large polygonal cells
Nucleoli are often present and may be prominent
Variable amounts of cytoplasm but usually abundant
Frequent necrosis
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Grading by mitotic rate and Ki-67 labeling index
Grade 1 (low grade): Mitosis < 2 per 10 HPF and Ki-67 < 3%
Grade 2 (intermediate grade): Mitosis 2-20 per 10 HPF &/or Ki-67 3-20%
Grade 3 (high grade): Mitosis > 20 per 10 HPF &/or Ki-67 > 20%
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
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Well-differentiated neuroendocrine neoplasm (WDNEN)
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Poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinoma (PDNC)
Synonyms
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WDNEN
Well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumor
Carcinoid tumor (not preferred)
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PDNC
Small cell carcinoma
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Small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma
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Small cell undifferentiated carcinoma
Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma
High-grade neuroendocrine carcinoma
Definitions
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Neoplasms with neuroendocrine differentiation arising in gallbladder, including WDNEN and PDNC
ETIOLOGY/PATHOGENESIS
Disease Association
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PDNC is frequently associated with gallstones
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WDNEN is infrequently associated with von Hippel-Lindau disease and multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1
CLINICAL ISSUES
Epidemiology
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Incidence
0.2-0.3 per 100,000 population
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WDNEN: 0.2% of all sites
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PDNC: 4.0% of all gallbladder malignancies
Small cell carcinoma > large cell
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Age
Older adults, usually 6th-7th decades of life
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Sex
Slightly more common in females