Lower Limb: Cards 7-1 to 7-72



Lower Limb


Cards 7-1 to 7-72


Bones and Joints


7-1 Hip (Coxal) Bone: Lateral View



7-2 Hip (Coxal) Bone: Medial View



7-3 Hip Joint: Lateral View



7-4 Hip Joint: Anterior and Posterior Views



7-5 Femur



7-6 Tibia and Fibula



7-7 Knee: Cruciate and Collateral Ligaments



7-8 Knee: Interior (Superior View)




Comment:


The knee is surrounded by a thin, fibrous capsule that is stabilized by the surrounding muscle attachments and intracapsular and extracapsular ligaments. Intracapsular ligaments include the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments, medial and lateral menisci, and transverse ligament. Extracapsular ligaments include the medial and lateral collateral ligaments, patellar ligament, and arcuate and oblique popliteal ligaments.


Of the 2 cruciate ligaments, the anterior is the weaker and is most taut when the knee is fully extended, preventing hyperextension. It is usually torn in hyperextension with the tibia medially (internally) rotated. The posterior cruciate tightens most during flexion of the knee, preventing excessive anterior displacement of the femur on the tibia or excessive posterior displacement of the tibia on the femur. Both cruciate ligaments maintain some level of tautness during movements of the knee.


The tibial collateral ligament limits extension and abduction of the leg and is attached to the medial meniscus. The fibular collateral ligament limits extension and adduction of the leg.



Clinical


Rupture of the tibial collateral ligament, which is attached to the medial meniscus, may tear the medial meniscus. The medial meniscus is larger than the lateral meniscus.


Atlas Plate 495


7-9 Knee: Interior (Inferior View)




Comment:


The knee is surrounded by a thin, fibrous capsule that is stabilized by the surrounding muscle attachments and intracapsular and extracapsular ligaments. Intracapsular ligaments include the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments, medial and lateral menisci, and transverse ligament. Extracapsular ligaments include the medial and lateral collateral ligaments, patellar ligament, and arcuate and oblique popliteal ligaments.


Of the 2 cruciate ligaments, the anterior is the weaker and is most taut when the knee is fully extended, preventing hyperextension. The posterior cruciate tightens most during flexion of the knee, preventing excessive anterior displacement of the femur on the tibia or excessive posterior displacement of the tibia on the femur.



Clinical


Rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament is a common athletic injury, usually associated with a sharp turn when the knee is twisted medially while in extension and the foot is firmly on the ground. The anterior drawer test assesses this injury. If the anterior cruciate ligament has been injured, the tibia will move anteriorly more than 5 mm, indicating a positive test result. The anterior cruciate ligament normally limits knee hyperextension. The posterior cruciate ligament is most taut during knee hyperflexion.


Atlas Plate 495


7-10 Bones of Foot



7-11 Ligaments and Tendons of Ankle: Lateral View




Comment:


The ankle (talocrural) joint is a hinge-type (ginglymus) uniaxial synovial joint between the tibia and fibula and the trochlea of the talus. This joint permits dorsiflexion (extension) and plantarflexion. Its thin, fibrous capsule is reinforced by the medial (deltoid) ligament, which has 4 parts, and the lateral collateral ligament, which has 3 parts.


Of the tarsal joints, the talocalcaneal (subtalar) joint is a plane synovial joint between the talus and calcaneus. It permits inversion and eversion of the foot.


The talocalcaneonavicular joint is a partial ball-and-socket synovial joint between the head of the talus and the calcaneus and navicular bones (along with the calcaneocuboid joint, it forms the transverse tarsal joint). It is supported by the spring ligament and is important in gliding and rotational movements of the foot.



Clinical


The lateral collateral ligament is weak and often is sprained. It resists inversion of the foot. One or more of its parts may tear in the common inversion ankle injury; when this happens, the ligaments usually tear from anterior to posterior, with the anterior talofibular ligament being torn first.


Atlas Plate 514


7-12 Ligaments and Tendons of Ankle: Medial View



7-13 Ligaments and Tendons of Foot: Plantar View



Muscles


7-14 Muscles of Lower Limb



7-15 Muscles of Lower Limb



7-16 Muscles of Hip and Thigh: Lateral View



7-17 Muscles of Thigh: Anterior View



7-18 Muscles of Thigh: Anterior View



7-19 Muscles of Thigh: Anterior View



7-20 Muscles of Thigh: Anterior View



7-21 Muscles of Thigh: Anterior View



7-22 Muscles of Thigh: Anterior View


Jun 16, 2016 | Posted by in ANATOMY | Comments Off on Lower Limb: Cards 7-1 to 7-72

Full access? Get Clinical Tree

Get Clinical Tree app for offline access