Drug Elimination
Phase I reactions add or unmask functional groups (e.g., –OH, −NH2, −SH, −COOH, etc.), which can then participate in phase II reactions. These are non-synthetic reactions. Oxidation reactions occur mainly…
PHARMACY
Drugs for the Management of Pain
Fig. 18.1 The pain pathway and sites of action of analgesic drugs Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) and local anesthetics (LA) are effective at the periphery where transduction of pain signals…
Steady-State Principles
Fig. 6.1 Achieving steady state with the use of: (A) a constant infusion (B) intermittent bolus dosing (C) an initial loading dose followed by intermittent doses A single bolus dose…
The Septic Patient
Modified with permission from Wolters Kluwer Health; Antibiotic therapy in patients with septic shock. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2011;28(5):318–24 Local and unit-specific antimicrobial guidelines need to be constructed after considering the…
Drugs and the Endocrine System
Permission from Hermansen, K. Insulin and new insulin analogues, insulin pumps and inhaled insulin in type 1 diabetes, in Pharmacotherapy of Diabetes: New development (eds: Mogensen, C) Springer 2007 New…
The Bleeding Patient
Fig. 24.1 Primary hemostasis, secondary hemostasis and the fibrinolytic pathway. FDP – fibrin degradation products Table 24.1 Causes of bleeding disorders Management of Haemorrhage In treating the acutely bleeding patient,…
Dose Response Relationship
Note: G-protein-coupled receptors are also called metabotropic receptors The basic concept of drug-receptor (receptor is used loosely to mean the binding target) interaction can be described by the lock-and-key model,…
The Obstetric Patient
Drugs Used During Pregnancy and Delivery Care providers use many drugs for different purposes during pregnancy and delivery. There are some drugs that are used to aid with the delivery…
Medication Errors
Permission from Elsevier; the Journal of Emergency Medicine 2011;40(5):485–92 1. Prescribing This involves the assessment for the need to prescribe a drug and the selection of the said drug. …
Drugs and the Neuromuscular System
Fig. 17.1 Structure of neuromuscular junction (With permission from Oxford University Press; Br J Anaesth CEPD Rev. 2002;2(5):129–33) The area of the nerve which lies closest to the muscle cell…
