Xanthoma Gregory Y. Lauwers, MD Key Facts Etiology/Pathogenesis Helicobacter pylori Common in operated stomach Unknown etiology in many cases Clinical Issues Seen in 0.4-6% of endoscopies of nonoperated patients Most…

Herpes Zoster Laura W. Lamps, MD Key Facts Clinical Issues Any level of GI tract may be infected Fever, vomiting, diarrhea common symptoms Difficulty swallowing if esophagus involved Patients may…

Helicobacter heilmannii Amitabh Srivastava, MD Key Facts Terminology Former designation Gastrospirillum hominis Etiology/Pathogenesis Infection may be acquired from contact with domestic pets (dogs, cats) and cattle Clinical Issues 0.25-1.1% of…

Carditis Amitabh Srivastava, MD Key Facts Terminology Inflammation in proximal stomach immediately distal to anatomic GE junction Etiology/Pathogenesis Helicobacter pylori, autoimmune gastritis; role of GERD controversial Macroscopic Features Carditis related…

Dieulafoy Lesion Alexandros D. Polydorides, MD, PhD Key Facts Etiology/Pathogenesis Large caliber artery in mucosa/submucosa, typically protruding through small overlying mucosal defect Erosion or ulceration of exposed vascular wall, resultant…

Gastric Antral Vascular Ectasia Amitabh Srivastava, MD Key Facts Terminology GAVE, “watermelon stomach” Etiology/Pathogenesis Elderly patients, often with associated connective tissue disease Clinical Issues Upper GI bleeding or chronic occult…

Dysplasia in Barrett Esophagus Elizabeth A. Montgomery, MD Key Facts Clinical Issues No metastatic potential by itself High-grade dysplasia (HGD) In pooled data about 30% of patients with HGD progress…

Squamous Dysplasia Elizabeth A. Montgomery, MD Key Facts Terminology Precancerous squamous lesion that contains both architectural and cytologic abnormalities Confined to basement membrane Etiology/Pathogenesis More common in African-Americans than Caucasians…

Squamous Papilloma Elizabeth A. Montgomery, MD Key Facts Terminology Benign tumor composed of hyperplastic squamous epithelium, overlying finger-like cores of lamina propria Clinical Issues Recurrences rare Synchronous or metachronous carcinomas…

Barrett Esophagus Elizabeth A. Montgomery, MD Key Facts Terminology Columnar-lined esophagus Change of esophageal mucosa Any length Visibility at endoscopy Contains intestinal metaplasia on biopsy Outside USA: “Barrett esophagus” is…