Procedural and Laboratory Artifacts Alvaro C. Laga Timothy C. Allen Philip T. Cagle The biopsy procedure itself, both transbronchial biopsies performed with biopsy forceps and surgical procedures to obtain wedge…

Normal Cytology of the Lung and Pleura Alvaro C. Laga Timothy C. Allen Mary L. Ostrowski Philip T. Cagle Normal cells lining the airways and alveolar spaces are encountered in…

Pleura Alvaro C. Laga Timothy C. Allen Philip T. Cagle The pleura is the serous membrane that covers the lung and thoracic pleural cavity. The lung sits within the thoracic…

Alveoli Alvaro C. Laga Timothy C. Allen Philip T. Cagle Alveoli are sac-like evaginations of the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveolar sacs where the exchange of gases between the…

Blood Vessels and Lymphatics Alvaro C. Laga Timothy Allen Philip T. Cagle The pulmonary vasculature involved in gas exchange includes pulmonary arteries and arterioles that bring blood relatively low in…

Bronchioles and Alveolar Ducts Alvaro C. Laga Timothy C. Allen Philip T. Cagle Bronchioles are defined as conducting airways less than 1 mm in diameter that lack cartilage in their…

Bronchus Alvaro C. Laga Timothy C. Allen Philip T. Cagle The airways of the lung are tubular or pipe-like structures that conduct air through their lumens. The airways branch into…