Pain and Negative Affect
Pain not only hurts. Pain can also lead to anxiety and depression, and patients with anxiety and depression experience pain more strongly and are more likely to develop chronic pain….
PATHOLOGY & LABORATORY MEDICINE
The Role of Endocannabinoids in Amphetamine-Driven Actions in Dopamine Neurons : Implications for Understanding and Treating Dysfunction in the Mesolimbic Circuit
Introduction Amphetamine (AMPH) and AMPH-type psychostimulants (e.g., methamphetamine, MDMA) are the second most widely abused illicit drug worldwide. Prescription psychostimulants like d -AMPH (Adderall) and methylphenidate (Ritalin) remain widely prescribed…
Role of Human Laboratory Studies in the Development of Medications for Alcohol and Substance Use Disorders
Acknowledgments Dr. Leggio’s work is supported by National Institutes of Health (NIH) intramural funding ZIA-AA000218 ( Section on Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology ), and jointly supported by the Division of…
Drug Reinforcement in Animals
Introduction Early demonstrations that drugs could serve as reinforcers, maintaining operant behavior in laboratory animals, led to the development of a model of human substance use disorder ( Box 6.1…
Diagnosis and Classification of Substance Use Disorders
Acknowledgments We thank Corinne Lim for her expert contribution to the literature and cross-checking of the citations to the literature. Introduction Diagnosis and classification are ways in which we make…
United States Federal Drug Policy
Introduction The United States federal government takes an active role in setting and implementing drug-control policy, directly and in concert with state and local authorities and with international partners—even as…
Historical Perspectives of Addiction
Acknowledgments The research and writing of this article were partially supported by a grant from the National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Drug Abuse, entitled “Current Smokers: A Phenomenological…
Emerging Health Perspectives
Introduction This chapter addresses a few issues that are emerging as critical health issues with substance use perspectives. First, there is a brief review of the epidemiology of substance use;…
The Epidemiology of Alcohol and Drug Disorders
What Is Epidemiology? The field of epidemiology involves investigation of the distribution and determinants of health conditions in populations or population subgroups. Epidemiological investigations fall under two common domains: descriptive…
Tumors of neuroectodermal origin
Reactive lesions Traumatic Neuroma Definition • A reactive/reparative process characterized by proliferation of axons, Schwann cells, and perineurial fibroblasts in a disorganized pattern in the background of collagenous stroma (scar)…
