Strategies for Selecting Candidate Medications for Testing Bottom–Up Approach: Modulation of Appetitive Drives Preclinical animal models of cocaine addiction, self-administration, reinstatement, and cue reactivity are commonly used to screen compounds…

Introduction Alcohol was used in Egypt since the time of the pharaohs, when wine played an important part in ceremonial life. . Egyptian texts more than 8000-years-old made reference to…

Acknowledgments Department of Veterans Affairs Health Services Research and Development Service funds (RCS 00-001) supported preparation of the manuscript. The views expressed here are those of the author. Introduction Twelve-step…

Introduction Since we finished this chapter in 2012, there has been a notable gap in therapeutic community outcome research. Although systematic reviews of the research in recent years on the…

Acknowledgment This paper was supported by grants from the National Institute on Drug Abuse (No. DA13814, DA016090, DA020138, and P50 DA16094). Introduction Schools are an efficient and convenient choice of…

Introduction Compared with other nations, the United States incarcerates the largest percentage of its citizens, with close to 7 million adults and 650,000 youth under some form of criminal justice…

Introduction The Health and Medicine Division, National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine has provided a working definition of primary care: Primary care is the provision of integrated, accessible health…

Defining Self-Help Help from without is often enfeebling in its effects, but help from within invariably invigorates. Self-help approaches to addiction encompass those strategies designed to reduce or eliminate substance…

Drug Use and Problems A broad range of treatment approaches are available and necessary for the management of persons with problem drug and/or alcohol use. Individuals with problem substance use…