Introduction Since its US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval in 2009, the utility of transoral robotic surgery (TORS) as a minimally invasive technique has continued to expand. Initially approved…

Introduction Thyroidectomy is commonly performed through a transcervical approach, a technique first described by Theodor Billroth in the late 19th century. , Since that early description, technological advancement and its…

Introduction Transoral robotic surgery (TORS) has evolved from the endeavor of head and neck surgeons to perform minimally invasive targeted resection of lesions of the upper aerodigestive tract. Transoral resection…

Introduction In the field of male reproductive surgery, optical magnification is crucial due to the microscopic anatomic structures. The microsurgeon gains advantages with tools and technology for ease of use…

Introduction Hysterectomy is the second most frequently performed surgical procedure after cesarean section for women who are of reproductive age in the United States. According to the Centers for Disease…

Introduction Cervical cancer currently is the fourth most common cancer occurring in women. Worldwide, an estimated 570,000 women were diagnosed, and 311,000 women died of the disease in the year…

Historical advancements in surgical technology are often traced to roots in gynecology. From Hippocrates’ use of tin catheters and pomegranate pessaries to modern robotic-assisted procedures, surgical progress has been molded…

Introduction Sacrocolpopexy is considered the gold standard surgical procedure for pelvic organ prolapse, with success rates estimated at 98.6% and mesh complications rates of 4.1%. Since the mid-2000s, robotic-assisted laparoscopic…

Introduction Endometrial (uterine) cancer is the most common malignancy of the female genital tract in the United States, with an estimated 66,570 new cases and 12,940 deaths in 2021. In…

Fistulae of the urinary tract: Vesicovaginal, ureterovaginal, and rectourethral A fistula is an epithelialized or endothelialized connection between two or more organs. Frequently, it will be named after the organs…