Introduction In the field of male reproductive surgery, optical magnification is crucial due to the microscopic anatomic structures. The microsurgeon gains advantages with tools and technology for ease of use…

Introduction Hysterectomy is the second most frequently performed surgical procedure after cesarean section for women who are of reproductive age in the United States. According to the Centers for Disease…

Introduction Cervical cancer currently is the fourth most common cancer occurring in women. Worldwide, an estimated 570,000 women were diagnosed, and 311,000 women died of the disease in the year…

Historical advancements in surgical technology are often traced to roots in gynecology. From Hippocrates’ use of tin catheters and pomegranate pessaries to modern robotic-assisted procedures, surgical progress has been molded…

Introduction Sacrocolpopexy is considered the gold standard surgical procedure for pelvic organ prolapse, with success rates estimated at 98.6% and mesh complications rates of 4.1%. Since the mid-2000s, robotic-assisted laparoscopic…

Introduction Endometrial (uterine) cancer is the most common malignancy of the female genital tract in the United States, with an estimated 66,570 new cases and 12,940 deaths in 2021. In…

Fistulae of the urinary tract: Vesicovaginal, ureterovaginal, and rectourethral A fistula is an epithelialized or endothelialized connection between two or more organs. Frequently, it will be named after the organs…

Introduction With increasing social acceptance of the transgender community, the number of trans-identifying patients is increasing in the United States, with an estimated 0.39% to 2.7% of the US population…

Background The treatment for muscle invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) and some high-risk superficial bladder cancers (in patients who may or may not have had intravesical immunotherapy) is radical cystectomy (RC),…

Introduction Use of robot-assisted radical cystectomy (RARC) has significantly increased over the past decade in favor of open and laparoscopic approaches. Robot-assisted Radical Cystectomy Versus Open Radical Cystectomy in Patients…