Clinical Cases
This appendix presents five clinical cases illustrating various diseases involving the immune system. These cases are not meant to teach clinical skills but rather to show how the basic science…
GENERAL SURGERY
Introduction to the Immune System: Nomenclature, General Properties, and Components
The term “immunity” in a biologic context has historically referred to resistance to pathogens; however, reactions to some noninfectious substances including harmless environmental molecules, tumors, and even unaltered host components…
Principal Features of Selected CD Molecules
The following list includes selected CD molecules that are referred to in the text. Many cytokines and cytokine receptors have been assigned CD numbers, but we refer to these by…
Innate Immunity: The Early Defense Against Infections
The survival of multicellular organisms requires mechanisms for defense against microbial infections and the elimination of damaged and necrotic cells. The mechanisms that evolved first in invertebrates and persist in…
T Cell –Mediated Immunity: Activation of T Lymphocytes
T lymphocytes perform multiple functions in defending against infections by various kinds of microbes. A major role for T lymphocytes is in cell-mediated immunity , which provides defense against infections…
Methods of Safe Handling of Radionuclides and Pertaining Rules and Regulations
Methods of Safe Handling of Radionuclides and Pertaining Rules and Regulations Any use of radionuclides is fraught with the danger of inadvertently exposing an individual to radiation, and therefore to…
Biologic Effects of Radiation and Risk Evaluation from Radiation Exposure
Biologic Effects of Radiation and Risk Evaluation from Radiation Exposure Interaction of radiation with biologic systems results in a variety of biologic changes that can be either deleterious or benign….
Detectability or Final Contrast in an Image
Detectability or Final Contrast in an Image An imaging devise should ideally detect the smallest possible localized or focal abnormalities (lesions) that may be present in an organ. Because of…
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
Positron Emission Tomography (PET) In this chapter, we elaborate on the principles of PET, including instrumentation, relevant physical phenomena and corrections in image reconstruction, and quality assurance. As was discussed…
