1 Structure of the Abdominal and Pelvic Cavities: Overview 1.1 Architecture, Wall Structure, and Functional Aspects A Architecture and wall structure of the abdominal and pelvic cavities Whereas the thoracic…
8 Genital System 8.1 Overview of the Genital System Introduction Function and terms: The genital organs, which in humans are sex-specific, are responsible for producing offspring. In mammals, including humans,…
1 Body Cavities 1.1 Definitions, Overview, and Evolution of Body Cavities Definitions The human body, similar to all higher organisms, is organized into a hierarchy of different levels: • A…
10 Autonomic Nervous System 10.1 The Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous Systems The autonomic, or visceral, nervous system innervates the internal organs. It is divided into three parts: the sympathetic, parasympathetic,…
9 Endocrine System 9.1 Overview of the Endocrine System A The endocrine system By secreting hormones, the endocrine system enables cells to communicate with other cells and coordinates bodily functions….
4 Lymphatic System 4.1 Overview of the Lymphatic System A Lymphatic organs and vessels The lymphatic system, which is widely distributed throughout most of the body, consists of lymphatic organs…
Fig. 10.1 (a) and (b) The axillary artery can be exposed through skin incision 2 cm below to the midpoint of the clavicle, following the curve into the deltopectoral groove…
Fig. 11.1 (a) After skin is open, the incision is deepened to the subcutaneous tissue protecting greater saphenous vein. (b) and (c) The deep fascia is dissected and femoral sheet…
Fig. 9.1 Renal vascular anatomy Fig. 9.2 AAST Renal Injury Grading Nephrectomy Indications Unstable patient with the kidney being the source of hemorrhage Failed attempts at partial nephrectomy Extensive injury…
Fig. 6.1 Line alba (a) and generous incision (b) for laparotomy Intra-abdominal Esophageal Exposure The intra-abdominal esophagus can be difficult to expose, and the difficulty increases with patients who have…
