Cava Injury
Fig. 8.1 (a–c) Hematoma Fig. 8.2 (a–d) Kocher. (e) Low pressure in the cava vein allows bleeding control, which can be achieved by a gentle fingertip Fig. 8.3 (a) and…
GENERAL SURGERY
Penetrating Trauma
Fig. 3.1 A finger placed against the vertebral bodies as temporary occlusion Fig. 3.2 The sac is captured with a Kelly forceps and the incision is made with a scissor,…
Effector Mechanisms of T Cell–Mediated Immunity: Functions of T Cells in Host Defense
Host defense in which T lymphocytes serve as effector cells is called cell-mediated immunity. T cells are essential for eliminating microbes that survive and replicate inside cells and for eradicating…
Effector Mechanisms of Humoral Immunity: Elimination of Extracellular Microbes and Toxins
Humoral immunity is the type of host defense mediated by secreted antibodies that is necessary for protection against extracellular microbes and their toxins. Antibodies prevent infections by blocking microbes from…
Immunology of Tumors and Transplantation: Immune Responses to Cancer Cells and Normal Foreign Cells
Cancer and organ transplantation are two situations in which the immune response to human cells that are genetically distinct from the normal self has important clinical consequences. In order for…
Humoral Immune Responses: Activation of B Lymphocytes and Production of Antibodies
Humoral immunity is mediated by antibodies and is the arm of the adaptive immune response that functions to neutralize and eliminate extracellular microbes and microbial toxins. Humoral immunity is the…
Hypersensitivity: Disorders Caused by Immune Responses
The concept that the immune system is required for defending the host against infections has been emphasized throughout this book. However, immune responses are themselves capable of causing tissue injury…
Antigen Capture and Presentation to Lymphocytes: What Lymphocytes See
Adaptive immune responses are initiated by the recognition of antigens by antigen receptors of lymphocytes. B and T lymphocytes differ in the types of antigens they recognize. The antigen receptors…
Antigen Recognition in the Adaptive Immune System: Structure of Lymphocyte Antigen Receptors and Development of Immune Repertoires
Antigen receptors serve critical roles in the maturation of lymphocytes from progenitors and in all adaptive immune responses. In adaptive immunity, naive lymphocytes recognize antigens to initiate responses, and effector…
Immunologic Tolerance and Autoimmunity: Self–Nonself Discrimination in the Immune System and Its Failure
One of the remarkable properties of the normal immune system is that it can react to an enormous variety of microbes but does not react against the individual’s own (self)…
