Calicheamicin γ1 is a naturally occurring antibiotic and one of the most potent cellular toxins known (Figure 8.19). A single molecule of calicheamicin γ1, after entering a cell and cleaving…

Gastric acid in the stomach (primarily hydrochloric acid) is essential to digest protein and emulsify fats. It breaks down food so it can go on to the small intestines where…

Cathepsin K is one member of a family of cysteine proteases that employ an active-site cysteine residue to promote peptide bond cleavage. Cathepsin K is highly expressed in the osteoclast…

Section 3.1     Stereochemistry is concerned with molecular shape and the relationships between molecules with identical atom connectivity but different shapes. Section 3.2     Chirality is a property of objects that are not the…

The influenza pandemic of 1918 caused the deaths of many tens of millions of people worldwide. Later pandemics in 1957 and 1968 were only somewhat less catastrophic, causing around a…

Section 7.1     Carbonyl-containing functional groups play important structural and functional roles in biological macromolecules and in drugs. Section 7.2     A carbonyl (C=O) bond is composed of a σ bonding component and a…