Disorders of Calcium, Phosphorus, Vitamin D, and Parathyroid Hormone Activity Mordecai M. Popovtzer Serum Calcium Concentration The calcium ion is essential to any physiologic phenomena, including preservation of the integrity…
Normal and Abnormal Magnesium Metabolism Laurence Chan Magnesium is the fourth most common cation in the human body, and it plays a critical role in many metabolic processes, including production…
Inflammatory and Reactive Lesions Syed A. Hoda FAT NECROSIS Mammary fat necrosis may occasionally result from incidental trauma; however, presently, the most common causes are previous needling procedures (such as…
Disorders of Potassium Metabolism Biff F. Palmer Thomas D. DuBose Jr. Introduction Potassium plays a key role in maintaining cell function. All cells possess the ubiquitous Na+/K+ ATPase exchanger, which…
Embryology, Development, Histology, and Physiologic Morphology Syed A. Hoda EMBRYOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT The mammary glands develop from mammary ridges (so-called milk lines). The latter are thickenings of the epidermis that…
Rheumatoid Arthritis Lauren K. McCluggage Carol Gullo Mest Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune inflammatory disease characterized by symmetric polyarthritis and joint changes, including erythema, effusion, and tenderness. The…
Osteoarthritis and Gout Sarah F. Uroza Lauren K. McCluggage Carol Gullo Mest Osteoarthritis (OA), formerly known as degenerative joint disease, is the most common joint problem in the United States….
Sexually Transmitted Infections Virginia P. Arcangelo Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are among the most common illnesses in the world. They have far-reaching health, social, and economic consequences. Our knowledge about…
Overactive Bladder Jennifer A. Reinhold Overactive bladder (OAB) is a highly prevalent yet under-reported condition that transcends the boundaries of race, gender, and socioeconomic class. OAB is loosely defined by…
