Getting and Keeping Participants
Figure 13.1. Flow of Participants for Example 13A. Note that although there are about 50 patients attending the clinic, the investigator estimates that only about 5 per month will be…
Study Population
html xmlns=”http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml” xmlns:mml=”http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML” xmlns:epub=”http://www.idpf.org/2007/ops”> 12 Study Population A key factor in generalizability is the target population, the people who are the object of the study. In this chapter we discuss…
Generalizability and Validity
html xmlns=”http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml” xmlns:mml=”http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML” xmlns:epub=”http://www.idpf.org/2007/ops”> 11 Generalizability and Validity Generalizability is the ability to draw widely or even universally applicable conclusions from a study. Generalizability is an important goal, because if…
Examination of the hands
Carpal tunnel decompression scar. Radial border of the ring finger and Kaplan’s cardinal line are the key landmarks shown (dotted lines). If the incision needs to be extended proximally past…
Examination of the abdomen
Division of the abdomen into nine regions. RH, right hypochondrium; Ep, epigastric area; LH, left hypochondrium; RL, right lumbar area; Um, umbilical or periumbilical area; LL, left lumbar area; RI,…
Focal neurological examination
Visual field deficits. Reproduced from Bulters D, Shenouda E. Assessment of neurological function. Surgery (Oxford) 2007; 25: 501–4, with permission from Elsevier. What is the role of ophthalmoscopy in patients…
Arterial examination of the upper limbs
How is Allen’s test interpreted? Allen’s test: determining whether the hand can be perfused by a single artery. Rationale: Determines whether the hand can be perfused from the ulnar artery…
Arterial examination of the lower limbs
Arterial anatomy of the lower limb. What are the anatomical landmarks of the peripheral pulses in the lower limbs? Femoral pulse: just inferior to the midinguinal point (halfway between anterior…
Examination of the hip
Normal hip abductors. Positive Trendelenburg’s test: weakness of hip abductors on the left side. Rationale: A Trendelenburg’s test (orthopaedic) identifies weakness of the abductors of the hip. Technique: The patient…
Chest x-ray
Chest radiograph showing right central venous line (solid white arrow) and ET tube (hollow white arrow) in correct positions. A left central line, which only reaches the brachiocephalic vein, requires…
