Funding and Acknowledgments JMM received a personal 80:20 research grant from Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain, during 2017–19. AD received postdoctoral grants for his stay…
Overview of indications and timing for surgery The indications and timing of surgery for infective endocarditis (IE) is complex and nuanced. General considerations in deciding whether to operate and when…
Introduction Cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs), including the permanent pacemaker (PPM), implantable cardiac defibrillator (ICD), and cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) devices, provide life-saving intervention for a variety of clinically indicated…
Introduction Opioid use disorder (OUD) with injection drug use has reached epidemic levels with endocarditis as a major potential medical complication increasing the risk of mortality. There has been an…
Introduction Despite modern advances in the diagnosis and management of infective endocarditis (IE), inpatient mortality rate for patients with IE remains high at 15%–20% [ ]. In IE patients with…
Introduction The postoperative course of patients with infective endocarditis is marked by relatively high mortality, with increased risk of severe complications leading to prolonged intensive care unit (ICU) and hospital…
Introduction In-hospital mortality for patients with infective endocarditis (managed medically and/or surgically) remains high, ranging from 10% to 20% [ ]. At 6 months, nearly 30% of patients will have…
Introduction Current European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and American College of Cardiology (ACC)/American Heart Association (AHA) guidelines for the diagnosis and management of infective endocarditis (IE) require the association of…
Echocardiography is an essential imaging modality for the diagnosis and management of infective endocarditis. It is often the first imaging study ordered when endocarditis is suspected, and serial echocardiographic exams…
Epidemiology Introduction The clinical features of infective endocarditis were first described in the 16th century by Jean François Fernel, a French physician who first introduced the term ‘physiology’ to describe…
