Ethylene Oxide Sterilization
Ethylene Oxide Sterilization Craig A. Wallace Ethylene oxide (EO), also known as epoxyethane or EO, is a colorless gas that is used as a fumigant to treat food products such…
Copper Alloy Surfaces Kill Bacteria and Reduce Infections
Copper Alloy Surfaces Kill Bacteria and Reduce Infections James H. Michel Harold T. Michels Corinne A. Michels Disinfection and sterilization, as well as ordinary cleaning, are necessary for infection control….
Sterilization and Depyrogenation by Heat
Sterilization and Depyrogenation by Heat Daniel L. Prince Derek J. Prince In the strictest sense of the word, “sterilization” implies the complete destruction of all viable microorganisms in order to…
Surface-Active Agents
Surface-Active Agents John J. Merianos Gerald McDonnell Surface-active agents (surfactants) are amphiphilic compounds, which means one portion of the molecule is hydrophilic, or “water-loving,” and the other portion of the…
Chlorine Dioxide
Chlorine Dioxide Zhao Chen Mark A. Czarneski CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Chlorine dioxide is a yellow-green gas that was first prepared by Chenevix in 1802.1 Humphrey Davy independently prepared this…
Chlorhexidine
Chlorhexidine Vinod P. Menon Chlorhexidine was first synthesized in 1950 in the laboratories of Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd (London, United Kingdom) during antimicrobial research into synthetic antimalarial agents of the…
Silver and Silver Nanoparticles
Silver and Silver Nanoparticles Jean-Yves Maillard Philippe Hartemann KEYWORDS: silver, nanoparticles, mechanisms, efficacy, toxicity, resistance Silver has been the most used metallic salt for its antimicrobial properties over centuries.1,2,3 There…
Peptides, Enzymes, and Bacteriophages
Peptides, Enzymes, and Bacteriophages Suzana Meira Ribeiro Osmar Nascimento Silva Bruna de Oliveira Costa Octávio Luiz Franco Resistance to anti-infective drugs is considered a worldwide threat.1 The ability to overcome…
Iodine and Iodine-Containing Compounds
Iodine and Iodine-Containing Compounds Paul L. Bigliardi Maren Eggers Marc Cataldo Ram Kapil Manjunath Shet Michael K. Pugsley Iodine, a nonmetallic, essential element discovered in 1812 by the French scientist…
