The endocrine system
Endocrine glands synthesise hormones that are released into the circulation and act at distant sites. Diseases may result from excessive or inadequate hormone production, or target organ hypersensitivity or resistance…
The renal system
Anatomy and physiology The kidneys lie posteriorly in the abdomen, retroperitoneally on either side of the spine at the T12–L3 level, and are 11–14 cm long ( Fig. 12.1 ). The…
The respiratory system
Anatomy and physiology An understanding of the surface anatomy of the lungs ( Fig. 5.1 ) and their relation to closely adjacent structures is essential for the practice of respiratory…
General aspects of history taking
The importance of a clear history Understanding the patient’s experience of illness by taking a history is central to the practice of all branches of medicine. The process requires patience,…
Managing clinical encounters with patients
The clinical encounter The clinical encounter between a patient and doctor lies at the heart of most medical practice. At its simplest, it is the means by which people who…
Immunohistology of Head and Neck Lesions
The head and neck, by convention defined as the area above the clavicles and below the cranial cavity, is an anatomically complex region composed of a heterogeneous array of tissues…
Immunohistology of the Breast
Perhaps the most frequent use of diagnostic immunohistochemistry (IHC) in the surgical pathology laboratory pertains to breast biopsies by virtue of the volume and sheer difficulty of cases. In addition…
Immunocytology
Immunocytology, or immunocytochemistry (ICC), involves the use of ICC in diagnostic cytopathology. The application of immunostains in cytology cases has expanded and improved our ability to make definitive and accurate…
Immunohistology of Pancreas and Hepatobiliary Tract
In the ensuing chapter, the cellular lineage markers and the application of immunohistochemistry (IHC) in the diagnosis and management of specific tumor types are reviewed. We feel obliged to provide…
Imaging and Quantitative Immunohistochemistry
Overview Pathologists frequently use immunohistochemistry (IHC) to evaluate antigen location and expression patterns in tissue for diagnostic and/or prognostic purposes. This process often also requires quantification of these immunostains to…
