The gastrointestinal system
Anatomy and physiology The gastrointestinal system comprises the alimentary tract, the liver, the biliary system, the pancreas and the spleen. The alimentary tract extends from the mouth to the anus…
The nervous system
Anatomy and physiology The nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord (central nervous system, CNS) and the peripheral nerves (peripheral nervous system, PNS). The PNS includes the autonomic…
The deteriorating patient
A deteriorating patient is one who becomes acutely unwell in the hospital setting. This can occur at any stage of a patient’s illness but is more common if the patient…
General aspects of examination
General principles of physical examination The process of taking a history and conducting a physical examination is artificially separated in classical medical teaching, to encourage learners to develop a structured…
The dying patient
Around 1% of the population in economically developed countries die each year. Some deaths are unexpected but the majority are the result of one or more advanced progressive illnesses. It…
Preparing for assessment
General principles Clinical assessments are integral to undergraduate and postgraduate medical education and training, and are designed to verify that those involved in the care of patients meet safe clinical…
The frail elderly patient
Assessment of the frail elderly patient Comprehensive geriatric assessment is an evidence-based process that improves outcomes. It involves taking the history from the patient and, with the patient’s consent, from…
The patient with mental disorder
Mental disorders are very common, frequently coexist with physical disorders and cause much mortality and morbidity. Psychiatric assessment is therefore a required skill for all clinicians. It consists of four…
The skin, hair and nails
Dermatological conditions are very common (10–15% of general practice consultations) and present to doctors in all specialties. In the UK, 50% are lesions (‘lumps and bumps’), including skin cancers, and…
The visual system
Anatomy and physiology The eye is a complex structure situated in the bony orbit. It is protected by the eyelid, which affords protection against injury as well as helping to…
